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- ******************************
- * Ubiquitin family signature *
- ******************************
-
- Ubiquitin [1,2,3] is a protein of seventy six amino acid residues, found in
- all eukaryotic cells and whose sequence is extremely well conserved from
- protozoan to vertebrates. It plays a key role in a variety of cellular
- processes, such as ATP-dependent selective degradation of cellular proteins,
- maintenance of chromatin structure, regulation of gene expression, stress
- response and ribosome biogenesis.
-
- In most species, there are many genes coding for ubiquitin. However they can
- be classified into two classes. The first class produces polyubiquitin
- molecules consisting of exact head to tail repeats of ubiquitin. The number of
- repeats is variable (up to twelve in a Xenopus gene). In the majority of
- polyubiquitin precursors, there is a final amino-acid after the last repeat.
- The second class of genes produces precursor proteins consisting of a single
- copy of ubiquitin fused to a C-terminal extension protein (CEP). There are two
- types of CEP proteins and both seem to be ribosomal proteins.
-
- Ubiquitin is a globular protein, the last four C-terminal residues (Leu-Arg-
- Gly-Gly) extending from the compact structure to form a 'tail', important for
- its function. The latter is mediated by the covalent conjugation of ubiquitin
- to target proteins, by an isopeptide linkage between the C-terminal glycine
- and the epsilon amino group of lysine residues in the target proteins.
-
- There are a number of proteins which are evolutionary related to ubiquitin:
-
- - Ubiquitin-like proteins from baculoviruses as well as in some strains of
- bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV). These proteins are highly similar to
- their eukaryotic counterparts.
- - Mammalian protein GDX [4]. GDX is composed of two domains, a N-terminal
- ubiquitin-like domain of 74 residues and a C-terminal domain of 83 residues
- with some similarity with the thyroglobulin hormonogenic site.
- - Mammalian protein FAU [5]. FAU is a fusion protein which consist of a
- N-terminal ubiquitin-like protein of 74 residues fused to ribosomal protein
- S30.
- - Mouse protein NEDD-8 [6]. The complete sequence of NEDD-8 is not yet known;
- but it contains a ubiquitin-like domain that ends 30 residues before the
- C-terminal extremity of the protein.
-
- To identify ubiquitin and related proteins we have developed a pattern based
- on conserved positions in the central section of the sequence.
-
- -Consensus pattern: K-x(2)-[LIVM]-x-[DES]-x(3)-[LIVM]-[PA]-x(3)-Q-x-[LIVM](2)-
- [LIVMFY]-x-G-x(4)-[DE]-x(4)-[SAG]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: NONE.
- -Last update: June 1994 / Pattern and text revised.
-
- [ 1] Jentsch S., Seufert W., Hauser H.-P.
- Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1089:127-139(1991).
- [ 2] Monia B.P., Ecker D.J., Croke S.T.
- Bio/Technology 8:209-215(1990).
- [ 3] Finley D., Varshavsky A.
- Trends Biochem. Sci. 10:343-347(1985).
- [ 4] Filippi M., Tribioli C., Toniolo D.
- Genomics 7:453-457(1990).
- [ 5] Olvera J., Wool I.G.
- J. Biol. Chem. 268:17967-17974(1993).
- [ 6] Kumar S., Tomooka Y., Noda M.
- Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 185:1155-1161(1992).
-